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Pengertian, Fungsi, Ciri Dan Generic Structure "Analytical Exposition" Beserta Contoh Dalam Kalimat Bahasa Inggris | Bahasa, Bahasa inggris, Inggris

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. These variations are known as GENRES.

NARRATIVE

Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Complication

3. Resolution

4. Reorientation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Chronologically arranged

RECOUNT

Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Reorientation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adjectives

Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.

The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Identification

2. Description

Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adverb

4. Using special technical terms

REPORT

Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is.

Generic Structure

1. General classification

2. Description

Dominant Language Feature

1. Introducing group or general aspect

2. Using conditional logical connection

3. Using Simple Present Tense

EXPLANATION

Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.

Generic Structure:

1. General statement

2. Explanation

3. Closing

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Reiteration/Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using modals

2. Using action verbs

3. Using thinking verbs

4. Using adverbs

5. Using adjective

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using connectives/transition

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Recommendation
Dominant Language features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using modals

3. Using action verbs

4. Using thinking verbs

5. Using adverbs

6. Using adjective

7. Using technical terms

8. Using general and abstract noun

9. Using connectives/transition

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

PROCEDURE

Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely

Generic Structure:

1. Goal/Aim

2. Materials/Equipments

3. Steps/Methods

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using Imperatives sentence

3. Using adverb

4. Using technical terms

DISCUSSION

Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)

Generic Structure:

1. Issue

2. Arguments for and against

3. Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Use of relating verb/to be

3. Using thinking verb

4. Using general and abstract noun

5. Using conjunction/transition

6. Using modality

7. Using adverb of manner

REVIEW

Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

dominant Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Evaluation

3. Interpretative Recount

4. Evaluation

5. Evaluative Summation

Dominant Language features:

1. Focus on specific participants

2. Using adjectives

3. Using long and complex clauses

4. Using metaphor

ANECDOTE

Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident

Generic Structure:

1. Abstract

2. Orientation

3. Crisis

4. Reaction

5. Coda.

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers

2. Using material process

3. Using temporal conjunctions

SPOOF

Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Twist

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adverb

4. Chronologically arranged

NEWS ITEM

Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Newsworthy event(s)

2. Background event(s)

3. Sources

Dominant Language Features:

1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

2. Using action verbs

3. Using saying verbs

4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner

Sumber gambar:

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F408631366171323481%2F&psig=AOvVaw0DbVHrSF3ytwWyUMe3R3PK&ust=1599369031045000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCODykfSg0esCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH TEXT

by F-Ridwan on Juli 02, 2019

Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, texts are divided into several types. They are narrative, recount, descript...

1.Narrative Text
a. Definition
Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

b. Purpose
The purpose of narrative text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

c.Generic Structure
Orientation (Sets the scene) : where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.
Complication : Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.
Resolution : The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending
Re-orientation/Coda : This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer

d.Language Features
Using processes verbs
Using temporal conjunction
Using Simple Past Tense
Using relative clause
Using direct speech and indirect speech
Using Action Verb

2.Recount Text
a.Definition
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

b.Purpose
Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience.

c.Generic Structure
Orientation : Introducing the participants, place and time
Events : Describing series of event that happened in the past
Reorientation : It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

d.Language Features
Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
Using simple past tense

3.News Item
a.Definition
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

b.Purpose
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

c.Generic Structure
Main Events: The main event which deserves to be news.
Elaboration: A description of the background of the event; the people involved in the incident; where events occurred, and others
Resource of Information [Source]: The source of news; comments of the witnesses; opinions of experts, and others.

d.Language Feature
Focusing on circumstances
Using material process
Passive voice
Saying verbs
Action verbs

4.Procedure Text
a.Definiton
Procedure is a text that show a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is completely done through a sequence of series.

b.Purpose
To help us do a task something. They can be set of instractions or direction.

c.Generic Structure
Goal: showing the purpose
Material: Telling the needed materials
Step 1-end: Describing the steps to achieve the purpose

d.Language Features
Using temporal conjunction
Using action verb
Using imperative sentence
Using Simple Present Tense

5.Descriptive text
a.Definition
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like.

b.Purpose
Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

c.Generic Structure
Identification ; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description ; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

d.Language Feature
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense
Using noun phrase

6.Report Text
a.Definition
Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

b.Purpose
To presents information about something, as it is.

c.Generic Structure
General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

d.Language Feature of Report
Introducing group or general aspect
Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
Using simple present tense

7.Analytical Exposition
a.Definition
A text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.

b.Purpose
Its social function is to show the readers that the idea is the important matter.

c.Generic Structure
Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position
Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

d.Language Features
Using relational process
Using internal conjunction
Using causal conjunction
Using Simple Present Tense

8.Spoof Text
a.Definition
Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.

b.Purpose
Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

c.Generic Structure
Orientation : provides an introduction to the characters, setting, settings etc..
Events : provides even or events
Twist : ending the story (the ending is considered funny, sometimes unexpected)

d.Language Feature
Focusing on people, animals or certain thing
Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
Using adverb of time and place
Told in chronological order

9.Hortatory Exposition
a.Definiton
Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text that influences the reader to do something or act in a certain way. In Hortatory Exposition, there are some opinions about certain things to reinforce the main ideas of the text.

b.Purpose
The Purpose Hortatory exposition is to presenting and influencing the readers that should be so, and should not be.

c.Generic Structure
Thesis : The contain of thesis is introduction to the main idea of a effect or event that will be raised or discussed.
Arguments : The contain of argument is the opinions of the writer that support the main idea. The more opinions the authors write, the more attractive a Hortatory Exposition Text, because readers tend to believe in an event if there are many opinions that support in it.
Recommendation : Recommendation contains a recommendation or solicitation writer to the reader.

d.Language Features
Focusing on the writer
Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
Using action verb
Using thinking verb
Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
Using passive voice
Using simple present tense

10.Explanation Text
a.Definition
Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say ‘why’ and ‘how’ of the forming of the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

b.Purpose
The writer's purpose is to explain how something works or state reasons for some phenomenon. Explanations answer the questions "how" or "why".

c.Generic structure of Explanation
General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.
Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

d.Language Features
Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc
Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc
Using passive voice pattern
Using simple present tense
often have a logical sequence
use cause/effect relationships (then, as a consequence, so, if)
use time relationships (first, then, following, finally)
written in the 'timeless' present tense (are, turns, happens)
use of action verbs (falls, rises, changes)
use of non-human participants (the sea, the mountains, the computers, the engine)
conjunctions (when, then, first, after this so)
some passives (is saturated, are changed)
use of nouns tends to be general rather than specific (cars, boats, spiders, schools)
use of pronouns (their, they, them)

11.Discussion Text
a.Definition
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.

b.Purpose
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)

c.Generic Structure
Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue
List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point
Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse

d.Language Feature
Introducing category or generic participant
Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc
Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Using conjuction

12.Review Text
a.Definition
Review is a text which presents critical analysis on events or works for readers or public audiences.

b.Purpose
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

c.Generic Structure
Orientation : Background information of the text.
Evaluations : Concluding statement (judgement, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist ot more than one.)
Interpretative Recount : Summary of an art works including character and plot.
Evaluative Summation : The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art works being criticized.

d.Language Feature
Focusing on certain participants
Using adjectives; bad, good, etc
Using complex clauses
Using metaphor

13.Anecdote Text
a.Definition
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination.

b.Purpose
To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers.

c.Generic Structure
Abstract : The structure of the first language of the Abstract Text anecdote. Abstract In this section, the authors usually begin introducing odd or unusual events what would telling. There are some anecdote Text Abstract of the sentence beginning with the use of questions, but not all use the Text Abstract of anecdote or questions.
Orientation : The structure of the second language of the anecdote Text Orientation. As in Narrative Text, Text Orientation in the anecdote also tells who, when, and where the incidence of odd or unusual events occurred.
Crisis : The structure of the third language of anecdote Text is Crisis. In this section telling the odd or unusual events occurred. The authors recount the incident in detail.
Reaction / Incident : Linguistic structure of the last of the Coda Text anecdote. At the Coda, the author tells the story of how the subject (perpetrator) to solve the problem and the end of the odd or unusual event such.

d.Language Features
Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
Using material process
Using temporal conjunctions
Using the past tense (past time)
Using rhetoric question (rhetorical question)
Using the conjunction of time (the conjunction of time)
Using action verbs (action verb)
Using sentence imperative (command line)

REFERENCES :
http://www.englishdirection.com/2008/03/text-types-complete-overview.html
http://www.englishdirection.com/2011/01/jenis-jenis-text-bahasa-inggris-for.html
http://englishwithfarida.blogspot.com/2012/04/jenis-teks-bahasa-inggris-materi-kelas.html

http://fatwarohman.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/english-text-types-genre-of-text.html